Powell Warns of Stagflation

April 18, 2025

STAGFLATION

Socrates has honed in on 2025 becoming a year of great stagflation in the United States. The Federal Reserve has finally admitted that the data is undeniable—the United States will experience stagflation.

 

The economy is declining but prices are rising. Most understand inflation, especially in the post-COVID world, but few understand stagflation. Stagflation is when you have high inflation and stagnant economic growth at the same time. Normally, inflation is supposed to go hand in hand with rising demand and growth. But during stagflation, prices go up even though the economy is barely moving.

“Powell said the president’s tariffs announced so far had been ‘significantly larger than anticipated’, adding that ‘the same was likely to be true of the economic effects, which will include higher inflation and slower growth’,” as reported by every major media outlet. Powell “later added that those economic effects may place US rate setters ‘in the challenging scenario in which our dual-mandate goals are in tension’. The Fed’s dual mandate is to maintain the target 2% inflation while encouraging “maximum” employment levels.

JeromePowellFedChair

“Maximum” employment is simply not possible during a period of stagflation. Investments dry up, confidence collapses, and businesses face higher costs in every area from wages to materials. Consumers lose purchasing power and are less likely to purchase nonessential goods at inflated prices, affecting business revenue and overall GDP. This then forces businesses to cut back on hiring instead of focusing on expansion. Many businesses will be unable to maintain large workforces if the revenue is not there.

The FOMC members seem to agree that stagflation is inevitable, although some argue about how long it will last. “Several Fed officials — including John Williams, head of the New York Fed, and Governor Christopher Waller — have said inflation is likely to surge in the coming months on the back of the administration’s proposed tariffs. While Waller thinks the impact of tariffs will prove short-lived, other members of the rate-setting Federal Open Market Committee, which Powell chairs, believe Trump’s tariffs have increased the odds that inflation will be a longer problem for US consumers.”

Now the central bank has maintained interest rates at 4.25-4.5% this year. Everyone is holding their breath for the Fed’s May announcement, but there is very little that the Fed can do here. Capital investment depends on confidence. Our models have honed in on May 19, 2026, as a major turning point in confidence where the next Panic Cycle will begin, and unfortunately, confidence will decline into 2028.

Britain Ensuring It Will Join the European Great Depression into 2028

April 18, 2025

Starmer_s_EU

While the press bashes Trump over the tariffs and trade war, they continue to ignore the facts and will always take the opposite position from Trump. If Trump said he wanted everyone to live an extra 5 years to help the economy because of declining birth rates, the Press would advocate mass suicide like Jim Jones’ Jonestown, just to prevent anything Trump does.

BREXIT Return Home

Starmer, the good Marxist follower, wants to reverse BREXIT, but knows that would be difficult. So he wants to join in trade and adopt all the regulations that the EU imposes, that has suppressed their economy from ever growing. As I have said, out of every $10 spent by consumers globally, the EU accounts for only $1.20 – a fraction of America, despite having 450 million people compared to the USA’s 330 million.

IBBPVA Y Tech 4 15 25

Even on a purely economic basis, Starmer is turning his back on the USA, which has a consumer market more than twice the size, for more regulations that will reduce trade with the USA. This is clearly not an economic decision – this is a Marxist political decision. Starmer is fulfilling our long-term forecasts. This year was a Directional Change, and next year is a Panic Cycle.

1966 DeGaule Throws Out NATO

Europe has historically been the most hostile when it comes to trade. They cling to Marxism, and when they can’t justify tariffs, they regulate against allowing American products in. When Charles de Gaulle in 1966 said no American/NATO nukes in France, and he ordered all American military personnel to leave France, they asked if that applied to the dead Americans buried there to free France. This has been the position of the French elites. They still view the world as speaking French if Napoleon had won. They have not gotten over that.

Macron send Nukes to Germany

To this day, Macron is the most hostile, and he wants France to replace the United States, offering their nuclear power to shield Europe from Russia. This is why Macron was the first to say he wanted to send troops into Ukraine, knowing that would start World War III.

The European Union (EU) does not impose a blanket ban on all food and veterinary products from the United States. However, it does enforce strict regulations that can result in restrictions or prohibitions on specific products that do not meet EU standards. Key points include:

  1. Hormone-Treated Beef: The EU prohibits beef from cattle treated with growth-promoting hormones, a common practice in the U.S. This has been a longstanding trade dispute.
  2. Chlorine-Washed Poultry: The EU bans poultry treated with antimicrobial rinses (e.g., chlorine washes), favoring stricter farm-to-table hygiene controls instead.
  3. GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms): The EU requires rigorous authorization and labeling for GMO products, limiting some U.S. agricultural exports unless approved.
  4. Ractopamine in Pork: The EU prohibits meat from animals treated with ractopamine, a feed additive used in the U.S. to promote lean muscle growth.
  5. Veterinary Medicines: Restrictions apply to certain antibiotics and hormones used in livestock for non-therapeutic purposes, aligning with the EU’s precautionary principle and emphasis on animal welfare.
  6. Mutual Recognition Agreements (MRAs): Since 2019, some veterinary products are covered by MRAs, easing trade for compliant products. However, U.S. exporters must still meet EU standards.

These measures reflect differences in regulatory philosophies that are used in reality as trade barriers. The EU prioritizes its regulations, knowing that there are different standards internationally. Trade negotiations (e.g., TTIP) have sought to bridge these gaps but with limited success. The restrictions are not actually becoming outright bans by requiring compliance with EU rules, which are stringent to prevent trade that pretends it is not the goal.

1927 Secret Banking g4

After World War I, European countries began imposing high tariffs in the early 1920s as part of a broader shift toward economic protectionism, driven by postwar reconstruction challenges, political instability, and efforts to shield domestic industries. France implemented significant protectionist measures, particularly through the 1927 Tariff Law (Loi du 3 août 1927), which marked a major shift toward economic nationalism. This law replaced the earlier Méline Tariff of 1892. It was enacted in response to post-World War I economic challenges, including the need to protect domestic industries and agriculture from foreign competition. At the same time, France was pushing the United States Federal Reserve to lower interest rates (G4) in an attempt to reverse the capital inflows to the United States.

The tariff increases were enacted in 1927, though France had maintained generally protectionist policies throughout the 1920s. The 1927 law formalized and expanded these measures sharply. The 1927 tariffs were part of a broader European trend toward protectionism in the interwar period. The 1927 law introduced a flexible tariff system, allowing the government to adjust rates based on reciprocal trade agreements or retaliation against foreign protectionism. Tariffs were applied differentially, with higher rates on agricultural goods (to protect French farmers) and certain industrial products.

France’s Agricultural products saw the implementation of tariffs on items like wheat, meat, and wine. These rose significantly, with some rates exceeding 30% (e.g., wheat tariffs increased to protect against cheaper imports from Eastern Europe and the Americas). The Industrial goods saw rates that were less restrictive yet still varied widely, targeting textiles and machinery. These sectors saw tariff rates between 15% and 25%, depending on the product and origin.

France also combined tariffs with import quotas (e.g., for coal and steel) to shield its economy further. Overall, France has always been the most protectionist of all European nations. Its cost of living is above average in the EU. According to Eurostat’s 2022 data, France’s price level index (with the EU average set at 100) was 116.5, placing it above the average but below several other EU countries. This compares to Denmark (141.7), Ireland (138.7), Luxembourg (134.0), Sweden (128.9), and Finland (123.3). The devil is in the details. While Paris is one of the EU’s more expensive cities to live in, the national average is lowered by cheaper costs in other regions.

The 1927 law made France one of the most protectionist economies in Europe by the late 1920s. While this was effective in shielding domestic sectors, these policies contributed to reduced international trade and economic fragmentation, exacerbating global tensions, leading to the Great Depression, and the US response in June 1930 by the Smoot-Hawley Act.

In the United Kingdom, there was the 1921 Safeguarding of Industries Act, which imposed tariffs on “key industries” like chemicals and optical goods deemed vital for national security. This was Post-WWI Economic Struggles, in which Britain lost the status of the Financial Capital of the world to New York. After the war, Britain faced industrial decline, unemployment, and foreign competition. Key industries critical during the war (e.g., chemicals, optics, scientific instruments) were all at risk of collapse. The Brits raised the National Security concerns of over-reliance on foreign imports for strategic goods, and this was the argument to impose tariffs to try to resurrect their industries.

Tariffs on Imports under this act imposed a 33.3% tariff on imported goods in strategic sectors, including chemicals, optical glass, and scientific instruments. This aimed to make foreign products less competitive and protect British industries. They also targeted industries that they deemed vital for national defense and economic resilience, reflecting lessons from wartime shortages. The Act was passed under Prime Minister David Lloyd George’s coalition government, though it aligned more with Conservative Party tendencies toward protectionism, marking a shift from Britain’s traditional free-trade stance.

The Act had mixed results at best. While it provided temporary relief for protected industries, critics argued it was too narrow, benefiting only specific sectors. Consumers faced higher prices, and retaliatory tariffs from other countries harmed British exports. The limited scope initially covered 6,000 items but was seen as insufficient to address broader industrial decline. Amendments in 1925–1926 expanded coverage to include more goods like lace and gloves. This Act shifted toward protectionism as Britain abandoned free trade, foreshadowing more extensive protectionist policies during the 1930s that followed the 1932 Import Duties Act, which expanded tariffs to most imports (except from the British Empire), formalizing protectionism during the Great Depression.

In the United States, the strong dollar resulted in making foreign goods cheap. The 1921 Act in Britain led to the US response in 1922. The Fordney-McCumber Tariff of 1922 was a significant piece of U.S. legislation that raised tariff rates on imported goods to protect American industries in the aftermath of World War I. It was signed into law by President Warren G. Harding in September 1922. Republican Congressman Joseph Fordney and Senator Porter J. McCumber have sponsored it. This reversed the lower tariffs of the 1913 Underwood Tariff.  The tariff increases: did elevate import duties to historically high levels (averaging about 38.5%), targeting both agricultural and industrial goods to shield domestic producers from foreign competition due to the strong dollar. This tariff provided a flexible authority granted to the president, allowing him to adjust tariff rates by up to 50% based on recommendations from the U.S. Tariff Commission, although this flexibility was rarely used.

While tariff hikes began in the early 1920s (e.g., the UK in 1921), they did not prevent the bull market, nor did they prevent the Great Depression. This protectionist spiral fragmented global trade and worsened the Great Depression, but certainly did not create the economic crisis.

 

Europe & Coming False Flag

April 18, 2025

Geert Wilders (born 1963) is a Dutch politician who has led the common-sense right-wing Party for Freedom (PVV) in the Netherlands. The nationalist wave in Europe is now rising against the globalist grip on Europe. In every European nation, there is a common-sense uprising of the silent majority. The old regime is crumbling, so they have turned to the Neocons to retain power. I am concerned that they are becoming desperate and that, Macron, Tusk, all the way to Merz, they will NEVER admit a mistake, so to maintain control, they intend to thrust Europe into World War III.

Merkel_Minsk_Buy_Time_to Prepare for wart

Putin is not stupid. If I were him, I would by no means agree to peace in Ukraine for Europe is drafting building an army and this will just be Minsk 2.0 like Europe did before agree to peace only to allow Ukraine the time to build an army to invade and weaken Russia so NATO can invade and conquer Russia all to sack the country in Macron’s dream to resurrect Europe as the Roman Empire and rule the world once again.

War Cartoon

The failed structure of the Eurozone is crumbling. They are on the verge of a sovereign debt default, which unfolds when you cannot sell new debt to pay off the old. When you are also preaching war endlessly in all the media and talk shows in Europe, you have to be insane to buy European debt. They NEED war, or the Eurozone will break up . They care nothing about Europe or the people no less the world. This is a raw push to remain relevant and retain power.

Minsk Agreement Head of State

The Minsk Agreement: When Europe Lied & Negotiated in Bad Faith

Putin has no desire for World War III. He has put down so many red lines, and Europe has crossed every single one in hopes he would respond and attack anything in NATO so they can claim he is the aggressor. I fear that Europe will now stage a FALSE FLAG and even bomb their own people to blame it on Putin, just as the CIA proposed killing Americans to blame Cuba to justify an invasion in Project Northwoods. President Kennedy rejected their plan and rejected Vietnam – so they killed Kennedy & the next day, Johnson approved Vietnam. To hide what these people do, they call anything that exposes them a conspiracy theory.

NorthwoodsMemorandum

Supreme Court Rules Transgenders are Not Women

April 17, 2025

UK Supreme Court Rejects Transgender

Finally, the UK Supreme Court made a unanimous landmark ruling with some common sense. Transgender women are NOT legally women. The high court ruled that the terms “woman” and “sex” in the 2010 Equality Act referred to biological sex, not acquired gender. The Telegraph reported that Kemi Badenoch, the Tory leader, said the ruling meant that the “era of Keir Starmer telling us women can have penises has come to an end”. The court delivered an 88-page ruling that explicitly stated that the “concept of sex is binary” under the Equality Act 2010.

I was told confidentially that this whole transgender push was to try to convert young people so they would never have children, and this was the real goal to reduce the population. It makes no political sense to champion the rights of 0.5% of the population and demand the 99.5% of the population must change pronouns, stop calling your mother a “mother” because it offends some of the 0.5%. No politicians would normally champion such a far-flung group and risk their career for such a tiny portion if there was NOT some ulterior motive.

The percentage of the Western population identifying as transgender is estimated to be approximately 0.5% to 1%, based on recent surveys and studies.

  1. United States: The Williams Institute reports that around 0.5% of individuals aged 13+ identify as transgender (~1.6 million people). Youth (13–17) show slightly higher rates (0.7%).
  2. United Kingdom: A 2020 government survey estimated 0.5% of the population.
  3. Canada: The 2021 census found 0.33% of those aged 15+ identified as transgender or non-binary (non-binary inclusive).
  4. Netherlands: A 2020 study indicated 0.6% of adults.
  5. Australia: Surveys suggest 0.6–1.2%, though data is less definitive.

 

Gates Population Control

This is an approximation. In summary, while estimates vary, 0.5–1% is a commonly cited range for transgender individuals in Western countries, with potential increases as societal acceptance grows. This has been the goal of those who argue that reducing the population some believe is behind Bill Gates and the Rockefeller Foundation.

 

Decline in Birthrate

Then, there has been a major effort to tell the youth that having children is bad, and we need to reduce the birth rates to save the planet. These advocates have ZERO understanding of the implications that are significant for future population structures and economic stability. This issue alone undermines pension funds. Yes, birth rates have been declining in the West and Japan, driven by this brainwashing narrative, but also the rise in taxation that has reduced the economic prospects for the youth, so they also believe that they cannot afford children. Here’s a structured overview of a major crisis that is starting to show its teeth:

Japan

  • Trends:
    • Japan’s total fertility rate (TFR) has been below replacement level (2.1) since the 1970s. In 2023, it hit a record low of 1.26.
    • The population is rapidly aging, with over 28% aged 65+ as of 2023.
  • Causes:
    • Long working hours, high cost of living, and limited work-life balance.
    • Traditional gender roles and corporate culture that hinder women’s career progression post-childbirth.
    • Declining marriage rates and delayed family formation.
  • Government Responses:
    • Subsidies for childcare, parental leave policies, and cash incentives for births, but with minimal impact.

Western Countries

  • Europe:
    • TFR Averages: EU-wide TFR is 1.5 (2023). Southern Europe (Italy, Spain: 1.3) and Eastern Europe (e.g., Poland: ~1.4) are lower, while France (1.8) and Sweden (1.7) fare better.
    • Causes: High childcare costs, career prioritization, urbanization, and delayed parenthood.
    • Policies: Generous parental leave (e.g., Sweden) and subsidized childcare (e.g., France) help, but don’t restore replacement levels.
  • United States:
    • TFR dropped to 1.64 in 2020 (CDC data), down from 2.0 in 2007.
    • Causes: Rising costs of education/childcare, shifting priorities toward career/individual freedom, and reduced teen pregnancies.
  • Other Western Nations:
    • Canada and Australia: TFRs 1.5–1.6, similar to the U.S.

Common Drivers Across Regions

  1. Economic Factors: High costs of housing, education, and childcare deter larger families.
  2. Social Shifts: Greater gender equality, women’s education/workforce participation, and delayed marriage/childbearing.
  3. Cultural Changes: Preference for smaller families, individualism, and urban lifestyles.
  4. Policy Gaps: Inadequate support for working parents despite some progressive measures.

Consequences

  • Aging Populations: Strain on pensions, healthcare, and labor markets.
  • Economic Stagnation: Shrinking workforces and reduced consumer demand.
  • Immigration Reliance: The US and Europe wrongly opened their borders, believing that this would offset declines with immigration (e.g., U.S., Germany), while Japan resists this, worsening its demographic crisis.

Baby this one is for you Gates

COVID-19 Vaccines Reduced Fertility

The West and Japan face sustained fertility declines, with Japan experiencing the most acute challenges. While policy interventions mitigate some effects, the reversal of trends remains elusive, necessitating adaptive strategies for aging societies. Swissmedic did report, “Several countries have observed changes in birth rate that have a correlation in time with the pandemic and the vaccination roll-out.” Of course, every study rejects this, but that too would be expected when funding comes from pharmaceutical companies, and governments will NEVER admit a mistake. Thus, we lack the data to show a direct link, but we also have no idea if there are long-term implications from these new computer-created vaccines.

 

Can Trump Fire Powell from the Federal Reserve

April 17, 2025

FederalReserve 1

I draw the line with Trump when it comes to the Federal Reserve.

The President nominates the Chair of the Federal Reserve, and the Senate confirms them. The term for the Chair is four years, but they can be reappointed. For example, Jerome Powell was nominated by Trump and then reappointed by Biden. But can a President remove the Chair before their term is up?

The Federal Reserve Act established the Federal Reserve System. Members of the Board of Governors, which includes the Chair and Vice Chair, serve 14-year terms, but the Chair’s term is four years. The key question is can Trump remove Powell? The Act states that a President can remove a Federal Reserve Board member “for cause,” but what does “for cause” mean exactly? That’s a bit vague. It probably means something like misconduct or neglect of duty, not just policy disagreements.

Burns Arthur

There was a case in the past where a President tried to remove a Fed Chair. It was Arthur Burns during the Nixon administration. Nixon wanted Burns to lower interest rates, but Burns resisted. However, Nixon couldn’t fire him because he didn’t have legal grounds. Instead, he might have pressured him in other ways. That example suggests that a President can’t just fire the Fed Chair over policy disputes.

Volcker Rediscovery

Another example is when President Reagan reportedly considered not reappointing Paul Volcker, who was known for tough anti-inflation policies. But Volcker chose not to seek a third term, so Reagan appointed Alan Greenspan instead. This shows that while a President can decide not to reappoint a Chair, they can’t remove them before their term ends without a valid reason.

The law is structured this way to protect the Fed’s independence, which is ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIAL to prevent politicians from manipulating interest rates for their political gain. If a President could fire the Chair at will, it would undermine that independence and potentially lead to politically motivated monetary policy, potentially harming the economy in the long run. That would undermine the US Treasury market and the dollar and transform the United States into a banana republic. Therefore, the legal framework requires a high bar for removal, ensuring that the Chair can make decisions based on economic factors rather than political pressure.

The President can’t directly fire the Fed Chair without a valid cause, such as misconduct. The “for cause” provision in the Federal Reserve Act limits the President’s power to remove the Chair. This is intentional to maintain the Fed’s operational independence. However, the President can influence the Fed through appointments when terms expire and through public statements or persuasion, but not by direct removal.

The President of the United States cannot unilaterally fire the Chairman of the Federal Reserve before the end of their term, except under specific legal conditions. Here’s a structured breakdown:

  1. Appointment Process:
    • The Fed Chair is nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate for a 4-year term, which is renewable. The Chair also serves as a member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, who have 14-year terms.
  2. Legal Framework:
    • The Federal Reserve Act allows the President to remove a Board member (including the Chair) only “for cause” (e.g., misconduct, neglect of duty). This does not include policy disagreements or political differences.
    • This provision ensures the Fed’s operational independence from short-term political pressures, safeguarding its role in managing monetary policy.
  3. Historical Context:
    • Past presidents (e.g., Nixon with Arthur Burns, Reagan with Paul Volcker) have faced limitations in influencing Fed Chairs. While they could apply political pressure or decline reappointment, outright removal was not legally feasible without just cause.
    • Courts have historically upheld the Fed’s independence, reinforcing that “for cause” requires a high threshold, such as ethical violations or incapacity.
  4. Practical Implications:
    • A President can indirectly influence the Fed by shaping its leadership through appointments (when terms expire) or public persuasion. However, abrupt removal to impose preferred policies would face legal challenges and undermine institutional credibility.

Conclusion

Trump is Looking at this as a Borrower & Not a Lender

The President lacks the authority to dismiss a sitting Fed Chair without demonstrating legitimate cause. This design protects the Federal Reserve’s independence, ensuring monetary policy decisions prioritize economic stability over political agendas. Interest rates decline in recessions and depressions BECAUSE people are not interested in borrowing when the future is uncertain. Rates rise during boom times naturally BECAUSE there is a demand for money.

Supply Demand

Central Banks do NOT control the interest rate – THAT IS ANOTHER MYTH!!!!!!

1927 Secret Banking g4

There was a G4 in 1927 where Europe convinced the NY Fed to lower rates, hoping to reverse the capital inflows. That failed, and then the Fed started raising rates all the way into 1929, and it had no effect.

DowIntRates 1927 1932

PlazaAccord 1

Then there was the 1985 Plaza Accord when James Baker thought that if the five main central banks banded together, they could intervene and control the currency markets. I warned President Reagan that it would result in a crash, which, because of the 1987 Crash, was caused by their currency manipulation.

 

Louvre Accord Plaza Accord

The dollar had already turned down thanks to market forces. When the Plaza Accord announced that they wanted to lower the dollar by 40%, the decline in the dollar became critical, so they had the Louvre Accord in February 1987 and declared that the decline in the dollar had been enough. When the dollar continued to decline, the world woke up to the fact that the central banks could NOT control the free markets, and that resulted in the 1987 Crash, and foreign capital panicked, selling US assets, fearing another 40% decline.

If Trump gets Congress to remove Powell, then we will see a Financial Panic.

1987 Crash Brady Commission

The Fake Analysts Scaring Everyone About the Dollar

April 17, 2025

1900X Y 8 2 2020

QUESTION: We all know who copies your work and pretends it is his. He is out now scaring the world that the dollar is going to crash, for the Chinese are selling dollars. You are the only person with a real database. What is your view on the dollar?

WKN

China holding US Debt 4 16 25

ANSWER: I know who you are talking about. I get emails about him all the time. He likes the notoriety but lacks the staff or the database to provide his self-proclaimed forecasts. I will provide the specifics on the private blog. However, April has been our target for many months. The often people out there constantly calling for the demise of the dollar are MORONS. They never look outside of the United States. They may be claiming that China is dumping dollars, but they began liquidating US debt in the tens of billions in 2013, and accelerated that because of Biden’s Neocons post-2022. They pretend this is something new, all because of Trump. They make it sound like they are on top of this, but where have they been since 2013?

China holding US Debt Array 4 16 25

Trump is fulfilling the cyclical forecast. We have been expecting a sell-off into 2025, which has been the biggest target identified by our computer for the past few years. I have conveyed my concerns to people in Congress. I am not so sure this does not just go over everyone’s head. The volatility will rise even further next year. If we penetrate the 2025 low next year, then this selling of US debt will continue into 2030, if not into 2032. That will be because NATO launches its contrived war against Russia and utterly destroys the European economy and extinguishes the EU.

China Demands Respect & Trump’s Art of the Deal Does not work in Asia

April 16, 2025

Dollar into Yuan

COMMENT: Mr. Armstrong, I understand you would never want to get into politics. I know that you were even asked if you would run for president back in the nineties. I respect your personal desires, and to some extent, I can understand your perspective. But few people have the experience you do globally. It’s not book knowledge. You were even the first American calling in by the Bank of China during a crisis. That was a huge honor.

The fact that you understand the Asian view, unlike the European view, is no small experience. China is willing to agree to trade talks, but it has insisted that President Trump needs to show more respect and even stop the disparaging remarks by members of his cabinet. You should be the one advising Trump on this mess. You even have offices in China, and they respect you. Who better for this job than you?

annonymous

REPLY: I greatly appreciate your clarity. It does seem that nobody on Trump’s team understands Asia. I give you that. But there is also an ego issue on the part of Trump. I’m not entirely sure I would want to step into this food fight. I would consult, but actually stepping into the negotiation, the Democrats would rise up and use it to bash Trump, me, my family, and China. Politics is a horrible profession. I have never had the patience for the disgusting behavior I have witnessed. Once upon a time, I could have intelligent, common-sense discussions with heads of state. I am not sure there is anyone in the West who would even want to listen anymore.

 

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